Cardiac muscle Sample

Cardiac muscle Paper Animal tissues are classified into four types on the basis of their functions epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. EPITHELIAL TISSUE The covering and protective tissues in the animal body are epithelial tissues. It covers most organs and cavities within the body and forms a barrier to keep different body systems separate. Example: Skin, Lining of the mouth, lining of blood vessels, lung alveoli and kidney tubules Characteristics of epithelial tissue: Tightly packed and form a continuous sheet. Small amount of cementing material is present between them and almost no intracellular spaces. It plays an important role in regulating the exchange of materials between the odd and the external environment and also between different parts of the body. Matrix is either absent or negligible Number of cells are large Depending on the structures that correlate with their unique functions, epithelial tissues are classified into simple and stratified epithelium. Si mple Epithelium: Cells are arranged in a single layer and does not contain matrix. There are four types of simple epithelium; exogamous, columnar, cuboids and glandular. Exogamous: Thin and flat tissue and forms a delicate lining. They are arranged closely and jointed by cement material. Example: Lining of blood vessels, heart and lymphatic tubes Columnar: Cells are broad and nucleus is oval in shape and is located in the centre or towards the narrow end Example: inner lining of alimentary canal, cystic duct Cuboids: Cube shaped cells and provides mechanical support and helps in secretion and absorption. Example: Kidney tubules Glandular: Tissue folds inward and forms multicultural gland and secretes substances at the epithelial surface. Stratified Epithelium: Cells are arranged in a many layers and are capable of cell division. Regions which are exposed to greater wear and tear such as epidermis of skin and lining of rectum are made up of stratified epithelium. CONNECTIVE TISSUE Connective tissues are loosely packed tissues embedded in an intracellular matrix which may be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid. The nature of matrix differs in concordance with the function of the particular connective tissue. It connects or binds the organs and acts as filling or packing between organs. We will write a custom essay sample on Cardiac muscle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cardiac muscle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cardiac muscle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Characteristics of connective tissue: Number of cells is less as compare to epithelial tissue Connect or binds the organs Act as filling material between the organs Intracellular substance is high Responsible for cell division of preexisting cells Types of connective tissue: Areola Connective Tissue: It is found between the skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in the bone marrow. It fills the space inside the organs, supports internal organs and helps in repair of tissues. It has dense matrix which consists of a network of fibers and an unrecognized, homogeneous intracellular secretion. Fibers are white or yellow. White fibers are made up of collagen and non elastic, whereas yellow fibers are made up of elastic and are elastic in nature. Adipose tissue: Tissue present below the skin and between internal organs which contains fat globules. Fat inside the globules acts as an insulator. Compact Bone: Bone is a connective tissue and forms the framework that supports the body. It is strong and inflexible tissue and embedded in a hard matrix that is composed of calcium and phosphorus compounds. Ligaments: Tissue present between two bones and is very elastic and has considerable strength. It contains very little matrix. Tendons: Tissue that connects muscles to bones and is fibrous with great strength but limited flexibility. Blood cells: Blood is another type of connective tissue which contains fluid matrix called plasma. Plasma contains red blood cells (Orbs), white blood cells (Webs), and platelets. It also contains proteins, salts and hormones. Blood flows and transports gases, digested food, hormones and waste materials to different parts of the body. MUSCULAR TISSUE: Tissue consists of elongated cells and responsible for movement in our body is called muscular tissue. Elongated cells present in muscular tissue are called as muscle fiber. Muscle also contains special proteins called contractile proteins, which contract and relax to cause movement Type of Muscle fibers: Striated muscle: It is also called as a voluntary muscle as it moves by conscious will. They are mostly attached to bones and help in body movement so also called as skeletal muscle. Under microscope it shows light and dark bands or striations when stained appropriately and hence called as striated muscle. The cells of this tissue are long, cylindrical, unbranded and multifaceted. Smooth muscle: Muscles that controls the movement of food in the alimentary canal or the contraction and relaxation of blood vessels are smooth muscle or involuntary muscle. The cells are long with pointed ends and Inculcate. They are also called unstrained muscles. They are spindle-shaped. Cardiac muscle: Muscles of the heart show rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout life and called cardiac muscl es. They are cylindrical, branched and inculcate. It is the occurrence of connecting structures called intercalary discs near terminal regions of muscle fibers. Intercalary disc connects adjacent fibers. NERVOUS TISSUE: Highly specialized tissue for transmitting stimulus very rapidly from one place to another within the body is called nervous tissue. Nerve impulse allows animals to move rapidly in response to tumuli. The brain, spinal cord and nerves are all examples of nervous tissue. The cells are called nerve cells or neurons A neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair like parts arise. Usually each neuron has a single long part called the axon and many short branched parts called dendrites. An individual nerve cell may be up to a meter long. Many nerve fibers found together by connective tissue make up a nerve. Nervous tissue establishes communication between different parts of the body, through conduction of nerve impulses. APPARATUS AND MATERIALS Light microscope, epithelium tissue slides( exogamous epithelium, cuboids epithelium, columnar epithelium, ciliated columnar epithelium, stratified epithelium, sequestrations epithelium), connective tissue (blood, bone, cartilage), muscle tissue (striated, smooth, cardiac) and nerve tissue (neuron). PROCEDURE The slides given were examined under the microscope and the structure and organization of the tissues were observed. Each of the tissues given were drawn and labeled. Diagrams from the textbook was used assist in cell investigation. A. Epithelium tissues a) Exogamous epithelium b) Cuboids epithelium ) Columnar epithelium d) Ciliated columnar epithelium e) Sequestrations ciliated columnar epithelium f) Stratified Squamish epithelium g) Transitional epithelium B. Connective tissue a) Blood i. Interruption ii. Sinkholes iii. Basophilic iv. Monocots and lymphocyte b) Bone c) Cartilage i. Hyaline cartilage ii. Fibrillating iii. Elastic cartilage C. Muscle tissue a) Striated b) Smooth c) Cardiac D. Nerve tissue d) Neuron RESULTS f) Stratified Squamish epithelium 1) Interruption 2) Sinkholes 3) Basophilic 4) Monocots and lymphocyte monocots lymphocyte b) Bone 1) Hyaline cartilage 2) Fibrillating ) Elastic cartilage a) Cardiac a) Neuron DISCUSSION The nuclei appears to be flattened due to the shape of the cells. It is also scale- like It is observed that exogamous epithelium are flabbergasted. B) Cuboids epithelium The nuclei of these cells are large. The cells in the Cuboids epithelium tissue appears to be square-shaped. As observed in the picture, the cells are arranged in a single layer. Therefore, the tissue is a simple cuboids epithelial tissue. The nuclei of the cells are also elongated cells in the picture are elongated, quite narrow and column-like. Hence, the name columnar epithelium.. The cells are arranged in a single layer. They usually have goblet cells that secretes mucous. The cells observed were from the trachea. It is a columnar epithelium with a cilia on its free surface. The tissue has goblet cells that secrete mucus to moisten the air that passes through during respiration. The cells appear to be arranged in more than one layer. However, they are arranged in only one layer. Hence, the tissue is a sequestrations epithelial tissue. The cells are elongated indicating that they are columnar cells f) Stratified exogamous epithelium The tissue observed has more than one layer. This indicates that the tissue is stratified. Besides that, the cells appear to be flatten-shaped indicating the type of cells are exogamous cells. The cells observed are from the urinary bladder. The darker region are the transitional epithelium. These type of tissue consist of multiple layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand. The transitional epithelium cells accommodate fluctuation of volume of the liquid in an organ such as the urinary bladder. B. Connective tissue Interruption nucleus has a complex, elaborated shape. The sinkhole generally has a nucleus with two lobes (beloved), and cytoplasm ailed many large granules. Basophilic has some platelets on the left. Nucleus in basophilic are not notably elaborated. Monocots and lymphocyte Lymphocytes nucleus is very large for the size of the cell and stains dark purple. Monocots is the largest of the leukocytes and is granular. The nucleus is most often U or kidney bean shaped; the cytoplasm is abundant and light blue. Bone tissue are the main constituents of the skeletal tissue. The spots seen in the picture are the lacunae Contains more collagen compared to hyaline. Fibrillating consists of a mixture of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous issue in various proportions. Contains elastic bundles (elastic) scattered throughout the matrix. This provides a tissue which is stiff yet elastic. It consists of light and dark bands. As shown in the diagram, a single skeletal muscle cell is long and approximately cylindrical in shape, with many nuclei located at the edges (periphery) of the cell. Unlike Skeletal and Cardiac muscle tissue, Smooth muscle is not striated. Smooth muscle fibers are small and tapered with the ends reducing in size, in contrast to the cylindrical shape of skeletal muscle. Each smooth muscle fiber has a single centrally located nucleus. Cardiac muscle fibers are striated, branched (sometimes described as Y-shaped), and have a single central nucleus. These fibers are attached at their ends to adjoining fibers by thick plasma membranes called intercalated discs. D. Nerve Tissue Neuron From the observed slide, the structures that are in a darker shade is the neuron.

Ayn Rand essays

Ayn Rand essays Ayn Rand was a well-known novelist and philosopher who upheld individualism over collectivism and egoism over altruism. She defended the individual over all the forces that could weaken it. Ayn wrote several popular novels. Some of which included Anthem, Fountain Head, and Atlas Shrugged. She defended her thoughts about God that lead her to believe it weakened her and led her to become an atheist (Smith, 1991, pp. 30-35). Ayn founded the philosophical movement of objectivism. This was a movement that was based on the basis of her life and her works (Smith, 1991, p. 67). Ayn Rand was born Alissa Rosenbaum on February 2, 1905 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. She was the oldest of three children who all received a quality education in different private school systems. Ayn learned how to read and write at the age of six. She was always known to express her strengths in school (Yang, 2000, pp.139-152). She was a very intelligent teenager and an asset to her peers at school. After she graduated from high school, Ayn attended the University of Arizona. She believed in her own advice and studied the impractical dimensions of history. Thus being the initiation of Ayns career as a famous novelist and philosopher. Ayns first doubt about her religious beliefs was during her high school years. It all began one day at band practice. One of Ayns fellow band members became overly excited before practice had begun. Ayn was curious to find out what had happened to her. Her friend announced that day she had found God (Erickson, 1997, pp.54-57). Ayn was happy for her friend as she sat and listened to her stories of God. But now Ayn began to wonder if she really believed in God herself (Peikoff, 1988, pp. 1-8). A few weeks after the incident occurred in band, Ayn was still confused on what her religious beliefs really were. She decided to focus more attention on several different biblical phrases. She believed it wou...

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 19

Assignment - Essay Example There are many Companies, providing different services in the field of communication, but such leaders as Century Link, are the perfect examples of high-quality services, ability to be reliable and gain a public trust. These objectives are reached through completion of exact tasks. The company provides the users with high-speed Internet. It is interested in providing the customers with security and PC support services, IPTV, DISH Network, MobiTV and DirecTV services (Century Link). Consequently, Century Link is one of the leading companies, providing the clients not only with high-quality phone and data networking equipment, but also the Company, which is able to develop appropriate solutions. The Company establishes its relations with the customers on the basis of fairness and trust. The employees of the Company are protected, compensated and promoted in an equitable manner.  Business partners are pleased with cooperation of CenturyLink. This can be explained by the fact that the Company develops its policies in accordance with the following statement: â€Å"Treat others as you would like to be treated† (Century Link). Moreover, there is no doubt that Century Link would justify its name and it is interesting to look at the history of the Company. There are many characteristics of this Company, but the point that it is brave and innovative cannot be denied for sure. Thus, Century Link is defined as â€Å"the largest Independent Telecommunications Provider and fourth largest wire line telecommunications provider in the United States - based on access lines - serving 33 states with 7.5 million access lines, 2.1 million broadband customers, 450,000 video subscribers and a nearly 17,000-mile core fiber network† (Century Link). These figures are impressive, aren’t they? Nevertheless, in order to delve into the depths of this success, it is appropriate for the audience to know that the Company was established in 1930! The Company